CHAPTER 6 OUTLINE

I. Growth and Cell Division

A. Definition of growth

B. Cell division

1. Binary fission

2. Budding

C. Phases of growth

1. Lag phase

2. Log phase

a. Logarithmic rate

b. Generation time

c. Synchronous growth

d. Chemostat

3. Stationary phase

4. Decline (death) phase

5. Growth in colonies

D. Measuring bacterial growth

1. Serial dilution and standard plate counts

a. Serial dilutions

b. Spread plate and pour plate techniques

c. Colony counter

2. Direct microscopic counts

3. Most probable number

4. Filtration

5. Other methods

a. Turbidity

b. Spectrophotometry

c. Metabolic action

d. Dry weight

II. Factors Affecting Bacterial Growth

A. Physical factors

1. pH

a. Acidophiles

b. Neutrophiles

c. Alkalinophiles

d. Effects of pH

2. Temperature

a. Obligate and facultative

b. Psychrophiles

c. Mesophiles

d. Thermophiles

e. Growth rate comparisons

f. Growth prevention

3. Oxygen

a. Aerobes

b. Obligate anaerobes

c. Microaerophiles

d. Capnophiles

e. Facultative anaerobes

f. Aerotolerant anaerobes

g. Superoxides-free radicals

4. Moisture

5. Hydrostatic pressure

6. Osmotic pressure

a. Plasmolysis

b. Turgid

c. Osmosis in preservation (sugar, honey, salt)

d. Halophiles

7. Radiation

B. Nutritional factors

1. Carbon sources

2. Nitrogen sources

3. Sulfur and phosphorus

4. Trace elements

5. Vitamins

6. Nutritional complexity

7. Locations of enzymes

a. Exoenzymes

1. Extracellular enzymes

2. Periplasmic enzymes

b. Endoenzymes

8. Adaptation to limited nutrients

III. Sporulation

A. Endospores

B. Endospore formation

1. Axial nucleoid

2. Core

3. Endospore septum

4. Cortex

5. Dipicolinic acid

6. Spore coat

7. Exosporium

C. Germination

1. Activation

2. Germination proper

3. Outgrowth

D. Vegetative and sporulation cycles

E. Other sporelike bacterial structures

1. Cyst formation

2. Conidia formation

IV. Culturing Bacteria

A. Methods of obtaining pure cultures

1. Definition of pure culture

2. Streak plate method

3. Pour plate method

B. Culture media

1. Types of media

a. Synthetic medium

b. Defined synthetic medium

c. Complex (chemically nondefined) medium

2. Commonly used media

3. Diagnostic media

a. Selective

b. Differential

c. Enrichment

4. Controlling oxygen content of media

a. Culturing microaerophiles

b. Culturing obligate anaerobes

5. Maintaining cultures

a. Stock cultures

b. Aseptic technique

6. Special cultures

a. Preserved culture

b. Reference culture

C. Methods of performing multiple diagnostic tests

D. Living, but nonculturable, organisms