CHAPTER 4 OUTLINE - Learning Objectives

 

I.  Basic Cell Types

A.  Prokaryotic cells

B.  Eukaryotic cells

 

II.  Prokaryotic Cells Bacteria

A.  Size, shape, and arrangement

1.  Size-Surface area to volume ratio

2.  Shapes

3.  Arrangements

B.  Overview of bacterial structure

C.  Cell wall

1.  Basic functions

2.  Components of cell walls - features

a.  Peptidoglycan (also called murein),

b.  Teichoic acids

c.  Outer membrane

d.  Lipopolysaccharide

e.  Periplasmic space

f. SUMMARY pictures gram positive, gram negative

3.  Distinguishing bacteria by cell walls-Gram Stain    

a.  Gram-positive bacteria

b.  Gram-negative bacteria

                                                            c.       Acid-fast bacteria - Mycobacterium

                                                            d.       Controlling bacteria by damaging cell walls

4.  Wall-deficient organisms L-forms

D.  Cell membrane

1.  Basic functions

2.  Fluid-mosaic model

a.  Hydrophilic

b.  Hydrophobic

E.  Internal structure

1.  Cytoplasm

2.  Ribosomes

3.  Nuclear region

4.  Internal membrane systems

5.  Inclusions

a.  Granules

b.  Vesicles

                                                5.       Endospores

                                                            a.       Sporulation

                                                            b.       Germination

F.  External structure

1.  Flagella

                                                            a.       Types of flagella

                                                            b.      Composition

c.  Chemotaxis

d.  Phototaxis

2.  Axial filaments Spriochetes, examples-Borrelia, Helicobacter pylor, Treponema

3.  Pili

a.  Conjugation pili (sex pili)

b.  Attachment pili-initiators of disease

4.  Glycocalyx

a.  Capsule

b.  Slime layer

 

III.  Eukaryotic Cells

A.  Overview of structure

B.  Plasma membrane (carriers-passive, active,endocytosis)

C.  Internal structure

1. Cytoplasm

2. Cell nucleus

   a. Basic features

             b. Chromosomes

        c. Mitosis

        d. Meiosis

          3. Mitochondria

          4. Chloroplasts

          5. Ribosomes

          6. Endoplasmic reticulum

          7. Golgi apparatus

          8. Lysosomes

          9. Peroxisomes

          10. Vacuoles

          11. Cytoskeleton

D.  External structures appearance structure and function

1.  Flagella

2.  Cilia

3.  Pseudopodia

                                                4.       Cell walls

     E. Evolution by endosymbiosis

                                                1.       Endosymbiotic theory

                                                2.       Supporting evidence

 

IV.  Movement of Substances Across Membranes

A.  Basic characteristics

B.  Simple diffusion

C.  Facilitated diffusion

D.  Osmosis

1.  Osmotic pressure

2.  Tonicity

E.  Active transport

F.  Endocytosis and exocytosis

1.  Endocytosis

2.  Exocytosis

  Class Questions

Chapter 4 Objectives Study guide