Chapter 2: Objectives

 

CHAPTER OUTLINE

 

I.  Why Study Chemistry?

 

II.  Chemical Building Blocks and Chemical Bonds

     A.  Chemical building blocks

          1.  Atoms and elements

          2.  Atomic formulas

          3.  Molecules

          4.  Compounds

     B.  Structure of atoms

          1.  Atomic particles

               a.  Protons

               b.  Neutrons

               c.  Electrons

          2.  Properties of atomic particles

          3.  Atomic number

          4.  Electron shells

          5.  Ions

               a.  Cation

               b.  Anion

          6.  Atomic weight

          7.  Gram molecular weight (mole)

          8.  Isotopes

          9.  Radioisotopes

     C.  Chemical bonds

          1.  Ionic bonds

          2.  Covalent bonds

          3.  Hydrogen bonds

     D.  Chemical reactions

          1.  Catabolism

          2.  Anabolism

          3.  Exergonic and endergonic reactions

 

III.  Water and Solutions

     A.  Water

          1.  Importance to living systems

          2.  Properties

               a.  Solvent

               b.  Surface tension

               c.  Specific heat

               d.  hydrolysis vs dehydration synthesis

     B.  Solutions and colloids

          1.  Mixtures

          2.  Solution

               a.  Solvent

               b.  Solute

          3.  Colloids

     C.  Acids, Bases, and pH

          1.  Acids

          2.  Bases

          3.  pH

 

IV.  Complex Organic Molecules

    

     A.  Basic characteristics

          1.  Hydrocarbons

          2.  Functional groups

               a.  Hydroxyl groups

               b.  Carbonyl groups

               c.  Carboxyl groups

               d.  Amino groups

          3.  Oxidation/reduction

     B.  Carbohydrates

          2.  Monosaccharides

               a.  Isomers

               b.  Glucose

               c.  Sugar reduction

          3.  Disaccharides

          4.  Polysaccharides

          5.  Glycosidic bonds

 

     C.  Lipids

          1.  Basic features

          2.  Fats

               a. Fatty acids

               b. Ester bonds

               c. Saturated/unsaturated fatty acids

          3.  Phospholipids

          4.  Steroids

     D.  Proteins

   http://biop.ox.ac.uk/www/mol_of_life/index_b.html  This site presents images and links to proteins, life's workhorses.

          1.  Properties of proteins and amino acids

               a.  Amino acids

               b.  Carboxyl groups

               c.  Variable (R) groups

               d.  Peptide bonds

               e.  Polypeptide

          2.  Structure of proteins

               a.  Primary structure

               b.  Secondary structure

               c.  Tertiary structure

               d.  Quaternary structure

               e.  Denaturation

          3.  Classification of proteins

               a.  Structural proteins

               b.  Enzymes

          4.  Enzymes

     E.  Nucleotides and nucleic acids

   http://biop.ox.ac.uk/www/mol_of_life/index_a.html  This site presents images and links to DNA, the molecule of life.

          1.  Nucleotides

               a.  Basic parts

               b.  High-energy bonds

          2.  Nucleic acids

               a.  Basic features

               b.  Purines and pyrimidines

               c.  Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

               d.  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

               e.  Complementary base pairing

               f.  Nucleotide base sequencing